Non-Governmental Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Non-Governmental Organization - Essay Example In spite of that, an NGO is never constituted as a political party, a criminal group, a government body, or a violent guerilla agency. (Willetts, 2002); (Baehr; Gordenker, 1986) In 1910, around 132 international NGOs formed a coalition under the name, the Union of International Associations. At that time, the NGOs had a variety of names for themselves including international institutes, international unions, and international organizations. Although the initial scheme of the UN charter did not consider any plan to combine forces with private organizations, a grand meeting at the San Francisco conference changed this fact. Thence came into being the United Nations, in 1945. The participation of NGOs in UN greatly increased its role in the social and economic issues around the world, and it also raised the status of the Economic and Social Council to a principal organ. So, in order to differentiate the two types of organizations involved in the UN, specialized agencies was the term set for organizations formed by intergovernmental agreements, while non-governmental organizations was set for private agencies. Both these terms were entered into the official UN vocabulary, but NGO gained a much larger popularity, especially since the 1970's, and so entered into general use. (Willetts, 2002) Growth The number of NGOs increased exponentially after the Second World War, at the national and local level. On the international level, NGOs came into being supporting global issues like human rights, rights of women, and maintenance of the environment. Along with these issues, international NGOs also gained importance in the matter of global politics associated with the UN and its subsidiary organizations. (Karns, 2008); (Ahmed; Potter, 2006) Some of the factors that have contributed to the growth of NGOs worldwide are given below (Karns, 2008); (Baylis; Smith, 2001): Globalization. A rise in popularity of global issues like human rights, environmental protection, etc. An increase in international conferences held under the sponsorship of the United Nations. The boom in technology, which lead to smooth communications between individuals or organizations through facsimile (fax), Internet, and e-mail.An increase in the popularity of democracy, which gave rise to the civil society and provided the opportunity to every person to constitute and manage organizations more freely. General Role NGOs take part in a variety of activities. They provide significant information and consultancies to both governmental and international organizations, for instance agencies affiliated with the UN, regarding current global issues. The data supplied to these organizations is often not available to the local government. (Karns, 2008) NGOs may decide to have a particular policy to tread on, like banning of landmines, acted upon by the International Campaign to Ban

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 6

Economic - Essay Example In the next segment of the paper, the cause and benefits of Trans Pacific Partnership related to international trade agreements that has become the headline of The New York Times will also be examined. As per the reports of The Washington Post, the gasoline tax has been static at 18.4 cents per gallon since 1993, as no Federal government has taken initiatives to increase the tax rate in last 20 years. However, as the oil price dropped by 40% in June 2014, many states considered reviewing the rate of the long-static federal gasoline tax. However, such increment in gasoline tax rate involves certain pros and cons as well as economic consequences (Ferguson 153). As per the newspaper report, the most important benefit that the US economy will experience from increasing gasoline tax can be attributed as the potential environmental benefits which may arise from decline in use of crude oil and gasoline. The rationale is based on the connotation that, in case of a higher tax on gasoline and its sub products, the citizen would opt for alternatives such as public transportation instead of personal car that will definitely bring social benefits in real sense. Moreover, as the total revenue obtained from gasoline tax is utilized in the Federal Highway Trust Fund, the Congress is planning to contribute the additional money accumulated from the incremented tax rate for the purpose of reducing budget deficit. The US government is also of the opinion that as increment in the US gasoline tax will encourage the citizen for using alternative sources of energy; such initiative will reduce dependence of US government on the largest foreign suppliers of crude oil, OPEC which in turn will bring higher stability in the entire American economy. According to the notion of Ex President, Mr. George W. Bush, high level of dependency in turn jeopardizes the economic growth to a

Ecotourism For Development In South Africa

Ecotourism For Development In South Africa The South African government, along with many other governments of developing nations, has recognized the potential economic benefits of tourism. These include job creation, inflow of foreign exchange, and increased gross domestic product (Kaplan 2004: 219). The countrys government has also made ecotourism a priority, updating infrastructure to support the industry (Van Amerom 2006: 115). If it does so with sustainability in mind, South Africa could use tourism to capitalize on the benefits of tourism and successfully boost their development in the long-term. My family and I got to experience South Africas growing ecotourism industry when we moved there six years ago. My memories of living and traveling there sparked my interest in tourisms potential to reduce poverty. This paper will specifically focus on how South Africa could use the growing branch of ecotourism to increase employment and economic growth in some of the countrys poorest areas, which happen to be rich in ecotourism potential. South Africa has the power to use ecotourism in a way that benefits the countrys poor and simultaneously promotes environmental conservation to produce a sustainable profit-generating industry. Before I examine how South Africa could use ecotourism as a means of development, it is important to recognize the massive increase in tourism that the nation and the continent have witnessed in the last ten years, especially since the dismantling of apartheid. The growth in tourism has been truly enormous and is demonstrated by UN World Tourism Organizations statistics. According to the WTO (2010), the continent of Africa saw a total of 46 million international tourists in 2009 (8). 28.1 million of these tourists went to Sub-Saharan Africa, up from 6.4 million back in 1990 (WTO 2010: 4). This figure displays the significant growth that has occurred in the region in just nearly a decade. What is most critical is that, in the past ten years, Sub-Saharan Africa has seen an average 6.3% annual rate of increase in the number of tourists arriving in the region (WTO 2010: 4). This steady rate of growth in the area is promising for South Africas future and its potential to benefit from tour ism and advance development. It is also important to note that South Africa is a major player in Africas tourism, capturing 15.4% of all of the 46 million international arrivals in 2009 (WTO 2010: 9). While is not known what percentage of tourists visiting South Africa are purely there as ecotourists, ecotourism is unquestionably a growing industry and has been credited for some of the growth of tourism on the African continent (Van Amerom 2006: 112). This is why I am going to critically examine how such tourism and ecotourism industry growth can help South Africa to develop. The very nature of ecotourism makes it valuable to examine as a potential means of advancing development in South Africa. The South African government defines ecotourism as environmentally and socially responsible travel to natural or near natural areas that promotes conservation, has low visitor impact and provides for beneficially active socio-economic involvement of local people (White Papers 1996 :Definitions). The fact that ecotourism is based in the environment, is supposed to be environmentally and culturally educational, and is environmentally sustainable (Ayotte 2009: 14) means that it can work in South Africa and for the countrys overall development. South Africa is a country that is well predisposed to take advantage of ecotourism (Van Amerom 2006: 115) because it has basic tourism infrastructure coupled with the fact that it is rich in history, culture and environmental treasures- all things that ecotourists seek to experience. These assets give South Africa an advantage over many other countries in the tourism industry, which gives it comparative advantage in the world tourism market. Furthermore, since ecotourism is nature and culture based, South Africans will be capable of and inclined to preserve these treasures that generate revenue. Ayotte points out that, because of its sustainability, ecotourism is an alternative to traditional resource dependent industries which deplete finite resources (2009:2). One such example is the mining industry, which not only depletes limited resources but has also experienced massive job losses (Binns and Nel 2002: 236). Unlike the mining industry, tourism can be sustainable, as in the case of a local community being inclined to want to preserve a certain traditional ceremony of theirs that tourists will pay to experience. Instead of losing this aspect of their culture in any way, they will have the chance to profit off of it and preserve it for future profit. Profits support development of these host communities , especially in poorer rural communities, which ecotourism has the potential to extend to. Again, South Africa is in a superior position to take advantage of ecotourists because of the resources it has. What is more, tourism promotion is considered an inexpensive way to promote economic growth (Binns and Nel 2002:236). These factors make ecotourism a good industry for long-term sustainable profit and sequentially long-term development. Since the fall of apartheid in 1994, South Africa has been in a good position to take advantage of ecotourism for economic development. Since then, Western governments have been eager to provide support politically and economically for the country that it had previously held sanctions against for decades (Van Amerom 2006 :116). Such sanctions were certainly an economic hindrance to development in the country. The international community embraced South Africa after apartheid ended, and the country was allowed to host the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 as well as the Soccer World Cup in 2010. This international attention has boosted the marketing of tourism attractions (Van Amerom 2006: 116) The international attention that south Africa has received does not seem to be going anywhere. President Zuma recently boasted that he has already acquired ninety-five meetings and conferences between 2010 and 2016 (Visas to promote tourism 2011) for the country, which surely adds momentum to its positive international standing. The country is therefore in a position to take advantage of its good image and all of the attention it has gotten. With all of that being said, The West still holds a considerable amount of influence over tourism to the country. Unfavorable media coverage or travel advisories could affect the future of South Africas tourism industry negatively (Van Amerom 2006: 117). That is why South Africa should continue to pursue its positive international image and simultaneously work to promote ecotourism, a form of tourism that also has a positive image. One development issue which South Africa faces that can be alleviated with ecotourism is unemployment. The number of unemployed plus those too discouraged to seek work is currently close to 30% (The Economist 2011: 54). That is why the South African government is presently focusing on creating jobs and reducing unemployment. President Jacob Zuma gave an address to the nation on February10th where he declared that he wants to boost tourism because every sixteen tourists create one job (Visas to promote tourism 2011). Regardless of how precise this statistic is, tourists do create jobs, and South Africa needs jobs. Therefore, the country should do all it can to promote tourism which alleviates joblessness and consequently promotes development. Kaplan elaborates that in addition, tourism typically employs a high proportion of women (Kaplan 2004: 219). Ecotourism as an industry that is capable of spreading around profits and benefits which promote development for more people. Along with providing jobs for women, ecotourism is able to spread development benefits to the poorer rural areas of South Africa, making it a beneficial aid to countrys overall development. These communities often hold unique cultural traditions or are located near natural treasures that are appealing to ecotourists. Ecotourism would bring profit and thus development to rural regions of the country that are excluded from the economic benefits of mass tourism, for instance in Cape Town or Johannesburg. This is what makes ecotourism superior to mass tourism. Binns and Nel explain that the government is anxious to ensure that the benefits [of tourism] are felt in all parts of the country (2002: 236). Ecotourism can do this. Binns and Nel highlight an example of a town called Still Bay, which experienced economic collapse after its fishing industry failed. The area consequently faced a disastrous 85% unemployment rate (2002: 240). The town desperately needed to diversify its economy and create jobs so they began to market themselves as a tourist destination, calling the town The Bay of Sleeping Beauty (Binns and Nel 2002: 241). The leaders of the community also coordinated to build the Jagersbosch Community Care Centre, which managed funds to promote development. The Bay of Sleeping Beauty tourism campaign was remarkably successful because the town is located along The Garden Route, an already popular tourism area. Still Bay was also blessed with incredible natural beauty as well as archaeological heritage sites, whale watching, and an annual town festival. All of these factors helped lower the unemployment rate to almost 0% (Binns and Nel 2002: 242). Binns and Nel examine this case study to prove what a success ecotourism can be for a community, even though it may not work 100% of the time. There are still many areas in South Africa which could benefit from ecotourism and experience a success story similar to Still Bays. Ecotourism as a means of development has its criticisms but these can be alleviated with skills development. One such criticism is that most companies involved in ecotourism have their headquarters in the north, and a large proportion of profits are repatriated (Wall 1997: 488). While this is true, skills development can change this because it can promote entrepreneurship. Fortunately for South Africa, they have already established much of the hardware of the tourism industry such as the necessary airport and road infrastructure. Entrepreneurship gives people in marginalized communities a chance to create products and services which, in their sale, can benefit the whole community. For ecotourism to be truly successful at reducing unemployment and promoting development, South Africa must insure that it puts in place the industrys software of a skilled local workforce (Kaplan 2004: 217). The country urgently needs better skills development for local people, which will not only enhance its competitiveness in the tourism industry but is central to the countrys development as a whole (Kaplan 2004: 217). Skills development and thus the employment of local people will reduce leakage of profits to internationally hired employees. This is because now more and more local people can be hired, sometimes even at a lower cost. Kaplan also highlights the issue of inequality of who is employed in what positions in the tourism industry. Unfortunately, the more significant managerial roles are usually occupied by white males while black South Africans, particularly women, do the unskilled jobs (2004:222). This issue, which is largely rooted in the countrys ugly history of apartheid, can be alleviated with skills development initiatives. Ultimately, a lack of skills undermines the industry and will cripple its positive effect on development in the nation (Kaplan 2004: 225). Therefore , the South African government should invest as much into this software as much as is does in the hardware of the tourism industry to make it sustainable and beneficial to the countrys most underprivileged citizens. One such criticism of ecotourism is that it is merely a marketing-gimmick that people buy into (Wall 1997: 487) and is therefore not superior to mass tourism and will not benefit development. While this would be unfortunate, I think that because one of the fundamental principles that ecotourism is rooted in cultural and environmental education, this cynical critique is sufficiently refuted. With the growth of the industry and as more and more people are exposed to and become educated about ecotourism, people will demand an honest and superior product in comparison to mass tourism. The south African government also has the ability to make sure that ecotourism doesnt become a mere gimmick by enacting laws that restrict the usage of the term ecotourism in marketing unless it meets their definition laid out in The White Papers. Another criticism or paradox of ecotourism that seems to discount its potential as a means of development is that countries who aggressively promote it actually run the risk of killing the industry because large influxes of tourists can easily damage the fragile environments they visit. Fortunately, the South African government can single-handedly prevent this from happening to South Africas special treasures. The government can impose caps and limits on the number of people who visit certain areas and what they are allowed to do in those areas. I know from personal experience that these types of restrictions exist in vulnerable environments in South Africas neighboring country, Botswana. Though caps and limits may seem to limit economic growth in the short term, they are critical for long-term benefits of the ecotourism industry. Fundamentally, the South African government has control over ecotourism and how it is carried out in the country. In order for it to be successful, they mu st help to insure that South Africas resources are not exploited to the point that they no longer exist. As the statistics from the World Tourism Organization demonstrated at the beginning of my paper, tourism in Africa is growing rapidly. More and more people visit the continent each year, even through this current economic recession. But the fact that tourism is inevitable does not dispel all criticisms of it and it does not mean that people should not try to assess its effects. This fact actually makes tourism more important than ever to scrutinize and critique because the industry that has a large impact on economies around the world. We need to understand this force that is tourism and how it can be used as a force for good in development. This paper has argued that ecotourism is a superior form of tourism because it is sustainable, can stimulate the economies of sidelined communities by creating jobs, and can improve South Africas overall development situation. Ecotourism is an industry that South Africa can uniquely take advantage of. For these reasons, ecotourism is a critical i ndustry to examine as a potential method of development. When paired with other development initiatives, ecotourism can be part of a comprehensive development plan for South Africa.

HIV/AIDS in India:An epidemic Essay -- AIDS India Health

What may be seen as a result of a surplus of labor by an economist, has ultimately led to an epidemic. India's population, estimated to be 1.35 billion, suffers extensive poverty as more than thirty seven percent of its population lives below the poverty line. (Economy Watch) This surplus of labor has driven the price of labor in India to incredibly low amounts, hence the outsourcing which has become rampant. Low labor prices compounded with exclusion due to the caste system and high dependency on agriculture all have amplified the poverty which in turn, has given rise to the largest population—2.3 million--within the borders of a nation to be infected with HIV/AIDS. (India HIV and AIDS Statistics.) Though those who are infected represent less the one percent of the total population, the environmental conditions of the society by which India presides are conducive to the rapid spread of this problem. More importantly, of those that are infected, thirty nine percent are women which increases the probability of parent-to-child transmission of this STI(Sexually Transmitted Infection). While an entire forty percent of the HIV bearing population is constituted by women, only a fraction of a percentage point of those women who choose to get screened test positive for the infection indicating a major problem—those who have it, are unaware or choose not be screened*. Close to eighty five percent of the transfers are through sexual transmission, five percent through parent-to-child transmission and the remainder through injecting drug use. As observed, red-light districts in India have given obvious rises and have some of the highest incidence of AIDS (fifty percent in Mumbai and Pune), but the other regions of the country do not r... ...ohen, J. "HIV/AIDS IN INDIA: HIV/AIDS: India's Many Epidemics." Science 304.5670 (2004): 504-09. Print. Cohen, J. "HIV/AIDS IN INDIA: HIV/AIDS: Till Death Do Us Part." Science 304.5670 (2004): 513-17. Print. "HIV/AIDS." UNICEF INDIA. 2007. Web. 04 Dec. 2010. . "Poverty in India | Economy Watch." World, US, China, India Economy, Investment, Finance, Credit Cards | Economy Watch. Web. 08 Dec. 2010. . "India HIV and AIDS Statistics." AIDS & HIV Information from the AIDS Charity AVERT. Web. 05 Dec. 2010. . "Stigma, Discrimination and Attitudes to HIV & AIDS." AIDS & HIV Information from the AIDS Charity AVERT. Web. 07 Dec. 2010. . HIV/AIDS in India:An epidemic Essay -- AIDS India Health What may be seen as a result of a surplus of labor by an economist, has ultimately led to an epidemic. India's population, estimated to be 1.35 billion, suffers extensive poverty as more than thirty seven percent of its population lives below the poverty line. (Economy Watch) This surplus of labor has driven the price of labor in India to incredibly low amounts, hence the outsourcing which has become rampant. Low labor prices compounded with exclusion due to the caste system and high dependency on agriculture all have amplified the poverty which in turn, has given rise to the largest population—2.3 million--within the borders of a nation to be infected with HIV/AIDS. (India HIV and AIDS Statistics.) Though those who are infected represent less the one percent of the total population, the environmental conditions of the society by which India presides are conducive to the rapid spread of this problem. More importantly, of those that are infected, thirty nine percent are women which increases the probability of parent-to-child transmission of this STI(Sexually Transmitted Infection). While an entire forty percent of the HIV bearing population is constituted by women, only a fraction of a percentage point of those women who choose to get screened test positive for the infection indicating a major problem—those who have it, are unaware or choose not be screened*. Close to eighty five percent of the transfers are through sexual transmission, five percent through parent-to-child transmission and the remainder through injecting drug use. As observed, red-light districts in India have given obvious rises and have some of the highest incidence of AIDS (fifty percent in Mumbai and Pune), but the other regions of the country do not r... ...ohen, J. "HIV/AIDS IN INDIA: HIV/AIDS: India's Many Epidemics." Science 304.5670 (2004): 504-09. Print. Cohen, J. "HIV/AIDS IN INDIA: HIV/AIDS: Till Death Do Us Part." Science 304.5670 (2004): 513-17. Print. "HIV/AIDS." UNICEF INDIA. 2007. Web. 04 Dec. 2010. . "Poverty in India | Economy Watch." World, US, China, India Economy, Investment, Finance, Credit Cards | Economy Watch. Web. 08 Dec. 2010. . "India HIV and AIDS Statistics." AIDS & HIV Information from the AIDS Charity AVERT. Web. 05 Dec. 2010. . "Stigma, Discrimination and Attitudes to HIV & AIDS." AIDS & HIV Information from the AIDS Charity AVERT. Web. 07 Dec. 2010. .

Framework for Praxis Essay

Medical advancement and practices have changed healthcare over the years. As the healthcare system changes so does the role of a nurse. As the elderly population in the United States grows the demand for primary care also increases but the use of Nurse Practitioners is estimated to reduce the shortage of primary care services (Schiff, 2012).This paper will provide an overview of the benefit of a framework for praxis for an Adult Primary Care Nurse Practitioner (APCNP) and examine how the framework helps in the development of nursing knowledge. The writer will give an overview of the role of an APCNP and how this role can help enrich the overall healthcare system. The paper will explore ideological, theoretical, and ethical components that guides and contribute to the growth of an APCNP framework for praxis. The paper will finally examine a case study of the use of the framework for praxis in a clinical setting. Overview of Praxis Praxis is defined in numerous ways for different disciplines, for the nursing profession it is defined as the combination of practice and theory (Kilpatrick, 2008). Many healthcare practitioners see knowledge acquired through clinical practice (praxis) as subjective and not real knowledge because theory is always linked with scholarly achievement, as such it is difficult in present day nursing practice to recognize the importance of praxis (Penney & Warelow, 1999) According to Chinn and Kramer (2011) praxis may arise out of a single person or a group. Praxis arising at an individual level is based a person identifying and pondering on an issue that controls one’s capabilities and understandings, then taking the responsibility in changing the issue for themselves and others affected (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). A significant intent of praxis is the incorporating of theory and practice that helps in the acknowledgment and valuing different types of knowledge (Kilpatrick, 2008). Chinn and Kramer (2011) states â€Å"nursing praxis values and labels those clinical experiences by bringing together the worlds of nursing practice and theory through the use of reflection and action† (p. 83). It is believed nursing praxis helps in knowledge development. â€Å"With each turn of reflection and action at least four ideals are used as a  benchmark for determining the worth of emancipatory knowledge, these are sustainability, social justice empowerment and demystification† (Chinn & Kramer, 2011, p. 84). Nursing praxis is important to an APCNP’s practice; it creates opportunity for change by influencing personal nursing theory and the development of nursing knowledge through self-reflection. Self-reflection helps challenge the APCNPs personal and professional standards. Praxis may also help advance the role of the APCNP by reducing the disparities between clinical practice and concepts (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). Incorporating theoretical, ethical and philosophical beliefs of the APCNP will help provide a framework for praxis. Overview of the role of an Adult Primary Care Nurse Practitioner (APCNP) An Adult Primary Care Nurse Practitioner (APCNP) is a primary care provider and is at the forefront of providing healthcare to the public. Certain standards must be attained before one can become an APCNP; these include graduate education with a concentration in an APCNP program and certification through examination. Duties of an APCNP include patient education, performing physical assessments, diagnosing and prescribing medications (Hamric, Hanson, Tracy, & O’Grady, 2014). APCNP may practice in private clinics, acute care facilities, long-term care facilities or public health departments (Fitzpatrick & Emerson, 2011). As the elderly population in the United States grows the demand for primary care also increases, as such the use of an APCNP is estimated to reduce the shortage of primary care services (Schiff, 2012).The expanded use of APCNPs increases the ability to increase access to health care, especially in the commonly underserved areas (Schiff, 2012). Ideological Influences Liberation theory by Paulo Freire, a Brazilian educator establishes a technique of teaching literacy for underprivileged adults based on dialogue (Sanford, 2000). The Liberation theory is chosen as the philosophical basis for practice because it’s centered on patient education and building trust between the nurse and patient through dialogue .The use of liberation theory and the theory of self-efficacy by Bandura will help the APCNP in the promotion of health education. According to Cody (2011), health is described as an attitude that reflects accepting responsibility for self in developing purpose in life (p. 377). Health is currently viewed much more than the absence of disease. According to Bandura (1989), the theory of self- efficacy is based on self-confidence and is a good indicator for motivation to make behavioral changes. Self-efficacy theory is based on the mastery of skills, modeling of skills especially by others and social persuasion of others to help create the belief that the patient is capable of mastering skills. Health literacy in the overall healthcare system is vital; it improves patient satisfaction, decrease patient concerns, increase compliance to care, creates patient autonomy and increases overall quality of life. Utilizing theories provide the APCNP with the opportunity to effectively educate; to enable the patient to understand their current health conditions in order to be able to make suitable healthcare decisions. As an APCNP it is necessary to explore ways to effectively educate patients because patient education is a vital part of continuum of health (DeMarco, Nystrom, & Salvatore, 2011). Theoretical Influences Theory development is the fundamental step for expansion of nursing knowledge. The theory of goal attainment by Imogene King addresses the phenomena, patient education. The theory was first presented in the 1960s by Imogene King (King, 1997). The basics of Kings Theory encourage nurse patient communication; the nurse helps the patient set goals and work together with the patient to attain the goals (King, 1997). The theory focuses on patient education, through interpersonal relationship with nurses and patients; allowing the patient to acquire knowledge or develop skills to help achieve goals. The theory encourages dialogue between the patient and nurse and this process opens the possibilities for participants to present problems, to seriously reflect and to identify solutions not previously realized. Essential attributes of the theory that influences patient education includes the necessity to make all health information accessible to the patient. Due to the importance of disease pr evention patient education is vital; as such the APCNP should determine the best possible theory to help achieve desired outcomes through patient education. Ethical Influences According to Cody (2011), people should be afforded the opportunity to be  treated with dignity by having their values respected without judgment by others (p. 168). An APCNP providing patient health education can be faced with ethical dilemmas (Pavilish, Brown-Saltzman, Hersh, Shirk, & Rounkle, 2011). Ethical knowledge is required in nursing to guide practice because care outcomes depend on the nurse’s ethical and moral perception (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). Ethics help by identifying principles and create basics that help maintain human rights, and ethical values (Hamric et al., 2011). The changing healthcare system and patient care delivery systems have increased the complexity of ethical issues (Hamric et al., 2011). According to the American Nurses Association (ANA) (2001), the code of ethics provides an outline nurses can use in making ethical decisions when performing their duties to the public, to members of the health team, and to the nursing profession. Ethical principles include autonomy, beneficence (bring about positive good), fidelity (trustworthy), and veracity (honesty) (ANA, 2001). As ethical agents and patient advocates, we know patient education includes written materials, but it’s also known that most written material available is above reading levels of the overall public. It is vital as an APCNP to take into account your responsibility to the ethical element of autonomy or fidelity in relation to patient education. Patient education is sometimes directed toward supporting patients to make decisions about signing consents. It is the responsibility of the health care professional who is educating the patient to confirm that the patient has enough understanding about the consequences of the diagnosis, test or procedure that they are consenting to. In order not to violate the principle of autonomy, veracity and beneficence, the primary ethical step for healthcare providers would be to learn more about the patient’s literacy level and then assess to get appropriate educational materials suitable for the patient. In order to provide the most comprehensive educational material to patients and not infringe on ethical principles, providers need to consider the importance of using appropriate written materials at patient’s readability level. The combination of the APCNP’s ideology, theoretical and ethical framework helps provide a framework for praxis. This also gives nurses the opportunity to help impact changes to the health of the community by concentrating on the quality of life of the community. As an APCNP creating a practice that  promotes health literacy, empowerment, acceptance and equality is important. This can be done through the use of patient centered care model that helps in promoting effective patient education. With the use of liberation theory and theory of goal attainment the healthcare provider will be able to better assess patient and provide health education tailored for each patient. Ethical theories have to be examined and integrated throughout the patient education process to ensure patient services provided meets specific needs. Case Study Mr. Bick is a 50 year old with hypertension who comes to the clinic for a follow up appointment after a stroke. During his appointment the nurse establishes a relationship by having a dialogue with patient; inquiring about patients overall life, through the dialogue the patient is able to share personal struggles with medication compliance due to work schedule. The nurse is able to educate patient on how to effectively take all medications without interfering with the patient’s work schedule .The patient sets a goal to reduce BP, the nurse guides the patient with different methods on reaching his goal, including diet modification and increasing activity level. The case study utilizes the liberation theory to educate by building trust between the nurse and patient through dialogue. In the case study, it is noted that the patient’s self-efficacy made the patient more receptive to the health education offered by the nurse. The patient learnt different options for medication adherence without interference in his work schedule. The theory of goal attainment was also utilized; the patient set a goal and the nurse helped by educating the patient on different options to achieve his goal. Conclusion APCNPs are considered as nurses who are equipped with the clinical and management skills necessary to meet the key roles in transforming healthcare. Nursing obligation to patient education is entwined into many theoretical frameworks. The intent of the framework for praxis is to place the practice of patient education in a position where significant relations can be made between experiences of everyday practice, clinical research and scholarly inquiry. References American Nurses Association (ANA), (2001), Code of ethics for nurses, American NursesAssociation, Washington, D.C. Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org /Main MenuCategories/EthicsStandards/CodeofEthicsfornurses /code-of-ethics.pdf Bandura, A. (1989). Regulation of cognitive processes through perceived self-efficacy. Developmental Psychology, 25, 729-735. Chinn, P. L., & Kramer, M. K. (2011). Integrated theory and knowledge development. (8th ed.). St Louis: Mosby Elsevier. DeMarco, J., Nystrom, M., & Salvatore, K. (2011). The importance of patient education throughout the continuum of health care. Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet, 15(1), 22-31. doi: 10.1080/15398285.2011.547069. Hamric, A. B., Hanson, C. M., Tracy, M. F., & O’Grady, E. T. (2014). Advanced practice nursing: An integrative approach. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. Kilpatrick, K (2008), Praxis and the role development of acute care nurse practitioner. Nursing Inquiry; 15(2), 116-126. King, I. (1997). King’s theory of goal attainment in practice. Nursing Science Quarterly 10(4), 180-185. Pavlish, C., Brown-Saltzman, K., Hersh, M., Shirk, M., & Rounkle, A. (2011). Nursing priorities, actions, and regrets for ethical situations in clinical practice. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 43(4), 385-95. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2011. Penney, W & Warelow J. (1999) Understanding the prattle of praxis. Nursing Inquiry 6, 259-268 Sanford, R. C. (2000). Caring through relation and dialogue: A nursing perspective for patient education. Advance Nursing Science; 22(3), 1-15 Schiff, M (2012). The role of nurse practitioners in meeting increasing demand for primary care: National Governors Association. Retrieved from http:// www.nga.org/cms/home/news-room/news-releases/page_2012/col2-content/nurse-practitioners-have-potenti.html

Ideal Work Environment (Iaps) Essay

Compensation: Our employees will be compensated by receiving a good compensation package for both the benefit of the company and the employee. The compensation package will include: †¢20% more income than the average salary per month †¢Guaranteed raises and bonuses based on job performance and/or time with company †¢Paid Volunteer Days †¢Time off unpaid †¢Vacation Pay †¢Health Insurance †¢Use of the company car Also, our company awards bonuses based on merit, these are non cash bonuses known as ‘Employee of the Month’, bonus day off, or a good parking space. Management: There are many qualities that make a good boss. At Honda Automotive Design Engineering, we have hired a boss that respects and has acquired all the expectations to lead this company to success and help improve the work environment in the building with weekly interactions with the employees. An effective boss will: 1. Set clear expectations 2. Coaches (someone who educates and encourages his employees as well as leads the company) 3. Gives feedback 4. Is inclusive 5. Gets to know employees 6. Works fearlessly 7. Is open and truthful (communication is essential) We view The Discussing Style as an effective management style because it promotes learning through interaction. In this style the manager encourages  critical thinking and lively discussion by asking employees questions about the problem, opportunity, or issue that must be resolved. The manager is a facilitator guiding the discussion to a logical conclusion. This style is effective because it’s based on communication, coaching, decision-making and recognition. Conflict: As executive officers, we manage workplace conflict by playing the role as an integrator. We seek to hear a variety of reasonable opinions and have an exchange of information before making a decision. This style of managing workplace conflict encourages creative thinking and is effective at problem-solving when issues are complex but it does take time. Hiring: This company hires employees that are compromisers when it comes to either conflict-management styles or working at this company in general. When compromising at this company, we force taking something from all parties involved and giving up something in return. When all parties to a decision are knowledgable and have good suggestions, this style results in good decisions. But when some parties contributing to the discussion are not fully informed, the final decision can be weak and we do not tolerate alienation, avoiding or domination. We are looking for 3 types of positions: Architects, Mechanic/Engineers, Designers (All must have a designing degree). Culture: At Honda Automotive Design Engineering, we create a community feeling in the building. Our offices are designed for employees to have lots of space, freedom and wide communication with the other employees. To prevent worker alienation, we have created our offices to be a happy and comforting atmosphere and in order to do that we changed plain, boring, simple office spaces into warm colourful walls and more open space for communication but  also providing separation walls so the room does not becoming loud or chaotic, enough for a functioning workplace. Recruiting the best employees possible will be simple giving them special accommodations, for engineers we provide them with tons of space in the building and utilities. For designers, we provide all the utilities, essentials, workspace and organization products (files, compartments etc.). Equity: To meet the needs of a diverse worker population, we aim for employees with different ethnicities and personalities. We ensure that the work environment is a safe space free of harassment by 24/7 security on building grounds, employees have the right to complain and/or notify authorities and the manager, and we hire employees that are open-minded about gender, race, religion and sexual orientation. We do not tolerate any kind of harassment in the workplace and we also provide rules towards that topic. The Honda Automotive Design Engineering is redesigned to maximize productivity and employee satisfaction for the work environment. On the graph 7.6 (page. 206), we think that our employees would rate their job/workplace regarding economics fairly well because we provide job security, fair/reasonable pay, health plans and a paid vacation. Also, Contribution and involvement would be rated excellent because we allow employees to work the way they want in their office space, they can make a difference to improve the companies growth and production as well as participate in decision-making.